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A new study by Politecnico di Milano into the thermo-catalytic activation of CO2 is the cover story of the latest edition of the Catalysis Science and Technology journal by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
The article explains the work carried out by Professor Matteo Maestri’s team of the Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Laboratory of the Energy Department.
The document highlights how recycling carbon dioxide by reducing with hydrogen from renewable sources plays an important role in energy transition, to avoid accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere and to make it possible to synthesise high-energy-density fuels produced using renewable energy.
Catalysis is fundamental in this process. This review article attempts to fill in the gaps on this question, gathering and rationalising state-of-the-art literature, analysing and suggesting orientation and future challenges regarding the aspects of the catalytic mechanism and multiscale analyses from catalyser to reactor solutions.
Tag: landfill, energy, hydrogen, animal waste, biomass, biogas, sustainable, green, methane, steam, decarbonization Researcher: Giampaolo Manzolini Department: DENG – Energy Department
The use of hydrogen as an energy source could reduce both pollution and the production of greenhouse gases. However, most of the hydrogen currently produced comes from natural gas, coal or oil, processing all of which creates carbon dioxide. Biomass, though, is an almost carbon-neutral renewable energy source. The anaerobic digestion process of residual biomass from various sources – animal waste, sewage treatment plants, industrial wastewater and landfills, for example – produces biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. Politecnico di Milano has an important focus on this matter. One of the most promising technologies developed by our researchers comes from the European project BIONICO (BIOgas membrane reformer for deceNtralIzed hydrogen produCtiOn), funded with over 3 million euros under the Horizon 2020 scheme.
The team developed, assembled and is currently testing a pilot plant that converts biogas directly into hydrogen, with a novel reactor concept at its core. The plant is expected to produce 100 kg of hydrogen per day. It will be the first example of a biogas-to-hydrogen plant based on membrane reactor technology installed in a real biogas plant at this scale, with more than 100 membranes in a single fluidised bed membrane reactor. It aims at a hydrogen production efficiency of 70%, 10% over same-size conventional reactors. It works with biogas produced through biodigesters or from municipal waste, fed into the plant together with steam inside the reactor. The reaction is enhanced by a catalyst which circulates in the reactor through the same flow of biogas. Inside the reactor, palladium tubular membranes on ceramic support allow to selectively separate the hydrogen. The high efficiency obtained with the BIONICO reactor is guaranteed from the simultaneous production and separation of hydrogen in a single reactor. The use of a single reactor operating at temperatures limited (550 vs 800 ° C) also allows to simplify the system, with potential cost advantages over traditional systems.
The project shows the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of the solution and define the market potential for the new plant, while proving biogas-produced hydrogen to be a viable sustainable energy source, with potential environmental benefits that can come from using such plants in the long term.
The BIONICO consortium benefits from the cooperation of eight partners from seven different countries across the EU. Each partner has been involved in a different aspect of the mission, such as the design and testing of the reactor together with the main system components. The BIONICO project stems from the knowledge gained in years of research from three previous projects: ReforCELL, FERRET and FluidCELL.
Tag: decarbonization, CHP, hydrogen-fuel cells Researcher: Enrico Tronconi Department: DENG – Energy Department
European project INSTANT (effIcieNt Small-scale uniT for distributed heAt and hydrogeN generaTion), led by Prof. Enrico Tronconi of the Energy Department, aims to develop an efficient catalytic fuel processor as the key component of a compact unit to produce hydrogen. Based on hydrogen-fuel cells and fed by natural gas, air and water, researchers will develop units for combined heat and power (CHP) generation that may be used in small-scale applications, such as the cogeneration of heat and electricity for domestic residential use or refueling hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles. Sustainable on-site and on-demand hydrogen generation will reduce or eliminate the transport and storage costs associated with traditional production technologies, improving their energy efficiency and carbon footprint.
INSTANT, funded with 150,000 € under the Horizon2020 program, is a Proof of Concept ERC projectthat stems from the AdG ERC INTENT project. INTENT developed and validated the concept for a new generation of catalytic reactors to produce energy carriers, with a revised design based on thermally conductive cellular structures packed with catalyst microparticles. With INSTANT, researchers aim to test this novel configuration of the fuel processor on a semi-industrial scale (TRL5). Indicators which will be evaluated during the test sessions include:
H2 productivity for a given catalyst load (target = +30%);
start-up time to full load (target = -30%);
response time to a load change (target = -30%).
Based on the experimental outcomes, INSTANT will also assess the potential for reducing the footprint of the CHP unit, the system volume being currently one of the main constraints for domestic CHP applications, as well as the overall production cost, including life-cycle costs.
If successful, INSTANT will pave the way to a new generation of CHP systems based on hydrogen fuel cells and explore the commercial and social potential of their research work.
Prototypes
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